New Roommate Building up a Partnership

Whether you are sharing a room in a dorm or rent living place together with a housemate or two, you should be prepared to a lot of surprises, challenges and difficulties – even if you get lucky and find a roommate that is not outright abhorrent. Here are a few tips on how to survive with roommates and, if possible, avoid situations when survival comes into question. 1. Start Anew If possible, avoid joining an already established living situation. If a person (or, even worse, several people) has been living in a room for some time, he or she will subconsciously feel as a kind of native, while the newcomers will remain newcomers, and thus – inferior. You may establish your status later on, but it is likely to require some work on your part. 2. Avoid Having Friends as Roommates What can be better than to share living space with your friend, a person you already know and feel comfortable with? Well, experience suggests that you should avoid doing it if you want to remain friends (the same is true about doing business with friends). It’s not that all people turn out mean if you get to know them closer, it’s just that people you like meeting from time to time may turn out to be unbearable when living in the same room. As a result, you will have a lousy time and, probably, lose an otherwise good friend. 3. Don’t Think Your Standards Are Universal How clean should the room be kept? What hours are people supposed to keep? Is partying allowed, and if yes, how often and for how long? Remember – your ideas of what is proper and natural are not necessarily shared by everyone else, your roommate included. So, define what is to be considered proper and natural from the outset, so that nobody is taken aback and annoyed later on. You may even get official and make your roommate sign an agreement, defining what is allowed and what isn’t. 4. Share the Chores Compose the list of chores, follow it and, again, make your roommate do it as well. It is very important, because you’ll have to deal with the consequences every day. Vacuuming, taking out the garbage, dishwashing – all these things are have to be done regularly. Arguing about them just won’t do – it is the fastest way to turn your room into a warzone. 5. Hold a Weekly Meeting It may sound silly, but it really helps. Take time every week to have a short talk about how you are doing: is anybody dissatisfied with the arrangement? Maybe someone has a suggestion how your living conditions can be improved? Maybe a new situation calls for new rules? If you have time to talk it out you will avoid gathering up resentment that can blow into your faces later on. Let’s admit it – sharing a room with a stranger is tough, especially if you haven’t done it before. A lot depends on how lucky you get. But what you do about your situation is even more important – follow these tips and your life will certainly be easier.

Article 39 The Gamblers Guide For Finding The Best...

Article 39 – The gambler’s guide to finding the best online casino It is estimated that all that is required to launch an online casino is a website and  £40,000 in start-up funds. While this will be a big figure to most, from a nationally accessible company standpoint it is actually quite a poultry figure. This low-end cost goes a long way in explaining why there are over 3,000 active online casinos in operation. Gamblers these days have plenty of choice when it comes to deciding where to gamble away their money. It makes finding the best online casino for your needs quite the challenge. In days gone by you would need to do countless hours of research and trawl through page after page of search results to find what you after. While there†¦show more content†¦Before you sign-up for a casino bonus I was always advise that you read the terms and conditions and consider the following before you click the â€Å"collect† button. First of all, you should never under any circumstance sign-up to an casino bonus that has a time cap. Many bo nuses are promoted with such in mind with the casino hoping that you forget about your bonus after making your initial deposit. You should also keep a very close eye on the wagering requirement listed. Anything over 30x should be ignored, largely as the chances of you ever actually seeing any real money from the bonus go from slim to none. Lastly, always opt for a casino bonus that has a high cashout limit, because the last thing you want to happen is to win a big jackpot only to be told that you have no right to access all but a small percentage of it. Choice, choice, and more choice A great casino bonus isn’t really worth anything unless you have a game roster than can match it. It is my personal belief that any casino worth their salt will tick all the boxes as far as traditional casino games are concerned. The likes of poker, blackjack, and roulette are considered essential in my book and it should be the same in yours. From there it is all about the quick fix titles, slots are the ultimate pick up and play games and in the best online casinos they are featured in abundance. Low risk, high-risk, film tie-in, movie tie-in, video game tie-in, and even original titles should be

Philosophy 3 Essay Example For Students

Philosophy 3 Essay Materialism is â€Å"The metaphysical doctrine that matter with its motions and qualities is the ultimate reality of all things† (Miller 156). This basically means that the nature of the world is entirely dependent on matter. Idealism is â€Å"The metaphysical theory that all things are constituted by mind and its ideas† (Miller 132). This basically means that the nature of the world is entirely dependent on the mind and its ideas. A materialist would believe that the mind is only part of the matter that our nature is made up of, and not things we believe in such as God and our emotions such as love. That is not the case with Idealism, Idealist believe in what the mind creates as ideas therefore, they believe in such things as love and religions. As for a solution to the mind-body problem, being the question, â€Å"If the mind and body are essentially different substances, then how can there be any causal connection between them† (Miller 119)? I believe that the mind and body are dependent of each other. What is the mind in a jar? Nothing. What is the body without the mind? Nothing. The mind relies on the body to act in the way that it transmits the messages, and the body relies on the mind so that it can function and do its daily activities. I believe that this has a connection to the Materialism and Idealism debate. Materialism and Idealism are dependent of each other. If we do not have the mind we do not have the matter, therefore we would not have anything to test, As in a scientific experiment. In conclusion, I believe that there should be a happy medium between Materialism and Idealism, because the world is dependent of both the mind and matter.

The Thief and the Dogs Essay Example For Students

The Thief and the Dogs Essay Isolation is a very important theme highlighted by the dark imagery in the novels. Isolation, in this context, refers to alienation from the society and the world. In Broken April, Kadare uses dark images to portray the feeling of isolation in Gjorgs mind and from his society. For e. g. the use of darkness in the lines Suddenly, on the highroad, with the night coming on, he was seized by a dark premonition claim the protection due to a guest5, show that Gjorg felt as if he was separated from the world. He was blinded by the darkness and he felt isolated because there was not a house, not a living soul around him from whom he could claim protection. Furthermore, when he was dying, he thinks of the black ox6, which still had not been sold. Here, the author is comparing Gjorg to the black ox. Black signifies isolation. Gjorg, like the black ox, was isolated from society and there was nothing he could do about it. Similarly, isolation is another important aspect of Saids character, which is constantly symbolized by darkness. We will write a custom essay on The Thief and the Dogs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For e.g. the image of darkness in the line Through the open door its thick darkness unrelieved by a single glimmer of light7, shows that Said felt that he was like the wasteland. A wasteland signifies a barren, empty stretch of land and it is a metaphor, which signifies Saids status in society. He too was like a wasteland, empty, isolated and distanced from the society. Also, the mention of darkness in the line Suddenly the blinding light went out and the firing stopped all the world seemed gripped in a strange stupefaction. 8, implies that death had once and for all alienated him from the world by taking him away from it. The dark imagery, in this case, is symbolic of death and alienation. In addition to the symbols of fear and isolation, loneliness is another important theme that darkness is symbolic of. The authors have portrayed the protagonists as lonely and abandoned people. In Broken April, Gjorg was compelled to kill the member of the Kryeqyqe family, and after that he spent his 30-day truce on his own, submerged in his loneliness. In the Kulla of Orosh, he was alone and was left in semi-darkness9 with unknown people around him. Although the 74 towers in the Plateau were a place of refuge, they made Gjorg feel lonely, scattered, dark and forbidden10 because he would be there all by himself until Aprildeath i. e. the day he was to be killed. Similarly, in The Thief and the Dogs, the author has used darkness to portray Saids loneliness. For e. g. the darkness in the lines The shadows are lengthening now but you cant switch on the light. 11 show that he felt lonely waiting alone at Nurs house because he had no companionship. In addition, the silence of the graves made him feel even more lost and instilled fear and loneliness in his mind. Furthermore, the lines Youll have to put up with the dark, the silence, and the loneliness- for as long as the world refuses to change its naughty ways12, implies that he felt the world had abandoned him and he had no option but to face the fact that he was lonely in this world. His ideals and concepts were different from the rest of society and according to him until the world does not change its ideals, he will always be lonely, isolated and scared. Also, the image of darkness in the lines in deep despair, delirious in the silence and dark sleep finally overcame him. 13, show that after Nur had suddenly disappeared he felt even more lonely and lost, since now he had no one to talk to, to confide in, to make love to and no one who cared for him. In conclusion, we can see the predominant use of darkness in these two novels, and how they are used to depict the protagonists state of mind. .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b , .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .postImageUrl , .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b , .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:hover , .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:visited , .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:active { border:0!important; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:active , .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27958d20fb928e5d94f2f83587aed03b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: GCSE Coursework - Romeo and Juliet coursework EssayThe protagonists relate most of their thoughts to darkness. They view everything in a dark manner. Their feelings, thoughts and actions are all a reflection of their dark minds. Isolation from society has leaded them to view the world as a dull place to live in. The author has used the image of darkness to relate to their thoughts and feelings because dark objects are referred to as gloomy, shadowy and dull objects. Likewise, Gjorg and Said have very gloomy, dull and depressed lives.

Thomas Edisons Greatest Inventions

Thomas Edisons Greatest Inventions The legendary inventor Thomas Edison was the father of landmark inventions, including  the phonograph, the modern light bulb, the electrical grid, and motion pictures. Heres a look at a few of his greatest hits.   The Phonograph   Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images   Thomas Edison’s first great invention was the tin foil phonograph. While working to improve the efficiency of a telegraph transmitter, he noticed that the tape of the machine gave off a noise that resembled spoken words when played at a high speed. This led him to wonder if he could record a telephone message.   He began experimenting with the diaphragm of a telephone receiver by attaching a needle to it based on the reasoning that the needle could prick paper tape to record a message. His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which, to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, Mary had a little lamb. The word phonograph was the trade name for Edisons device, which played cylinders rather than discs. The machine had two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When you spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of your voice would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. The cylinder phonograph, the first machine that could record and reproduce sound, created a sensation and brought Edison international fame. The date given for Edisons completion of the model for the first phonograph was August 12, 1877. It is more likely, however, that work on the model was not finished until November or December of that year since he did not file for the patent until December 24, 1877. He toured the country with the tin foil phonograph and was invited to the White House to demonstrate the device to President Rutherford B. Hayes in April 1878. In 1878, Thomas Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine. He suggested other uses for the phonograph, such as letter writing and dictation, phonographic books for blind people, a family record (recording family members in their own voices), music boxes and toys, clocks that announce the time and a connection with the telephone so communications could be recorded. The phonograph also led to other spin-off inventions. For example, while the Edison Company had been fully devoted to the cylinder phonograph, Edison associates began developing their own disc player and discs in secret due to concern over the rising popularity of discs. And in 1913, the Kinetophone was introduced, which attempted to synchronize motion pictures with the sound of a phonograph cylinder record. A Practical Light Bulb   Thomas Edisons greatest challenge was the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images Contrary to popular belief, he didnt invent the lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. In 1879, using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament and an improved vacuum inside the globe, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light.   The idea of electric lighting was not new. A number of people had worked on and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edisons achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. He accomplished this when he was able to come up with an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread that burned for thirteen and a half hours. There are a couple of other interesting things about the invention of the light bulb. While most of the attention has been given to the discovery of the ideal filament that made it work, the invention of seven other system elements were just as critical to the practical application of electric lights as an alternative to the gas lights that were prevalent in that day. These elements included: The parallel circuitA durable light bulbAn improved dynamoThe underground conductor networkThe devices for maintaining constant voltageSafety fuses and insulating materialsLight sockets with on-off switches And before Edison could make his millions, every one of these elements had to be tested through careful trial and error and developed further into practical, reproducible components. The first public demonstration of the Thomas Edisons incandescent lighting system was at the Menlo Park laboratory complex in December of 1879.   Industrialized Electrical Systems On September 4, 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation, providing light and electricity power to customers in a one square mile area. This marked the beginning of the electric age as the modern electric utility industry has since evolved from the early gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. Thomas Edisons Pearl Street electricity-generating station introduced four key elements of a modern electric utility system. It featured reliable central generation, efficient distribution, a successful end use (in 1882, the light bulb) and a competitive price. A model of efficiency for its time, Pearl Street used one-third the fuel of its predecessors, burning about 10 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, a heat rate equivalent of about 138,000 Btu per kilowatt hour.   Initially, the Pearl Street utility served 59 customers for about 24 cents per kilowatt hour. In the late 1880s, power demand for electric motors dramatically altered the industry. It went from mainly providing nighttime lighting to becoming a 24-hour service due to high electricity demand for transportation and industry needs. By the end of the 1880s, small central stations dotted many U.S. cities, though each was limited in size to a few blocks because of direct current’s transmission inefficiencies. Eventually, the success of his electric light brought Thomas Edison to new heights of fame and wealth as electricity spread around the world. His various electric companies continued to grow until they were brought together to form Edison General Electric in 1889.   Despite the use of his name in the company title, Edison never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry would necessitate the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. And when Edison General Electric merged with leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name and the company became, simply, General Electric. Motion Pictures Bettmann  / Contributor  / Getty Images   Thomas Edisons interest in motion pictures began before 1888, but it was English photographer Eadweard Muybridge’s visit to his laboratory in West Orange in February of that year that inspired him to invent a camera for motion pictures.   Muybridge had proposed that they collaborate and combine the Zoopraxiscope with the Edison phonograph. Edison was intrigued but decided not to participate in such a partnership because he felt that the Zoopraxiscope was not a very practical or efficient method  of recording motion.   However, he liked the concept and filed a caveat with the Patents Office on October 17, 1888, that described his ideas for a device that would do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear- record and reproduce objects in motion. The device, called a Kinetoscope, was combination of the Greek words kineto meaning movement and scopos meaning to watch.† Edison’s team finished development on the Kinetoscope in 1891. One of Edisons first motion pictures (and the first motion picture ever copyrighted) showed his employee Fred Ott pretending to sneeze. The major problem at the time, though, was that good film for motion pictures was not available.   That all changed in 1893 when Eastman Kodak began supplying motion picture film stock, making it possible for Edison to step up the production of new motion pictures. To do this, he built a motion picture production studio in New Jersey that had a roof that could be opened to let in daylight. The entire building was constructed so that it could be moved to stay in line with the sun. C. Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat invented a film projector called the Vitascope and asked Edison to supply the films and manufacture the projector under his name. Eventually, the Edison Company developed its own projector, known as the Projectoscope, and stopped marketing the Vitascope. The first motion pictures shown in a movie theater in America were presented to audiences on April 23, 1896, in New York City.

Jacobsons Organ and the Sixth Sense

Jacobson's Organ and the Sixth Sense Humans are equipped with five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Animals possess several extra senses, including altered vision and hearing, echolocation, electric and/or magnetic field detection, and supplementary chemical detection senses. In addition to taste and smell, most vertebrates use Jacobsons organ (also termed the vomeronasal organ and vomeronasal pit) to detect trace quantities of chemicals. Jacobson's Organ While snakes and other reptiles flick substances into Jacobsons organ with their tongues, several mammals (e.g., cats) exhibit the Flehmen reaction. When Flehmening, an animal appears to sneer as it curls its upper lip to better expose the twin vomeronasal organs for chemical sensing. In mammals, Jacobsons organ is used not simply to identify minute quantities of chemicals, but also for subtle communication between other members of the same species, through the emission and reception of chemical signals called pheromones. L. Jacobson In the 1800s, Danish physician L. Jacobson detected structures in a patients nose that became termed Jacobsons organ (although the organ was actually first reported in humans by F. Ruysch in 1703). Since its discovery, comparisons of human and animal embryos led scientists to conclude that Jacobsons organ in humans corresponded to the pits in snakes and vomeronasal organs in other mammals, but the organ was thought to be vestigial (no longer functional) in humans. While humans dont display the Flehmen reaction, recent studies have demonstrated that Jacobsons organ functions as in other mammals to detect pheromones and to sample low concentrations of certain non-human chemicals in the air. There are indications that Jacobsons organ may be stimulated in pregnant women, perhaps partially accounting for an improved sense of smell during pregnancy and possibly implicated in morning sickness. Since extra-sensory perception or ESP is awareness of the world beyond the senses, it would be inappropriate to term this sixth sense extrasensory. After all, the vomeronasal organ connects to the amygdala of the brain and relays information about the surroundings in essentially the same manner as any other sense. Like ESP, however, the sixth sense remains somewhat elusive and hard to describe.

Balance-of-Power theory in World War I & II Research Paper

Balance-of-Power theory in World War I & II - Research Paper Example While WWI was more re suit of growing tension and competition, WWI was caused by direct aggression (Russel 130). The swelling of nationalist pride that began in the 19th century and endured into the 20th induced both wars at least partly. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and the conflict between on Serbia and Austria, for example, was a result of Serbian nationalism and was fueled by a longing for self-determination. World War II was also begun by nationalism, especially that of the Germans. It was this German nationalism and desire for sell‘-determination that fueled Hitler's campaigns to take over Europe. Both wars were sparked by the upset of the delicate balance of power in Europe. In WWI, tension between the big powers of the time- Germany Britain Russia and France- upset this balance, likewise the balance was tipped ones again when Hitler’s campaign began and the German ‘Reich’ began to expand. While WWI began with a conflict between small countrie s, which then branched out through the tangled alliances of Europe to other larger countries. WWII began with the big powers. WWI can be traced back to the rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Over time, large powers such as Russia and Germany stepped in to defend their allies and this enraged oven more countries. The inception of WWI was therefore like a 'ripple' effect beginning quite small, and then expanding. WWII was quite the opposite, beginning with the brutal campaigns and expansion of revisionist powers Germany and Japan. If WWI began with a ripple, WWII began with explosion. Large European powers got involved in WW1 because they wanted to protect their allies, not because of direct acts of aggression against them. WWII was marked by such acts daggrassim as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the invasion of Poland, and the Rape of Hackling. While WWI began largely because of tension between countries that had been caused by competition over reign markets and colonies (Paul et al 112). Largely Fascism and a thirst for revenge began WWII. Hitler’s attacks on Europe and the transformation of Germany into a dictatorship was made possible because the German people were vulnerable and scarred by the previous war. These wars could be considered one continual conflict that was not properly resolved in the interim. The nationalism, alliances, and aggression that led to both wars points out that their roots were quite similar. The lesson learned is that the resolutions or lack of it has therefore shaped the way we make peace today. Both World War I and II were preceded by large armament buildups. In WWI, in Europe they were of a long-standing nature and in response to balance-of-power exigencies which usually placed a two to four times greater per capita burden on the populace than in the United States Germany‘s per capita burden was 7.65 times more than that of the US. There was no doubt that it was a nation poised for war. There was little suppo rt for a contrary opinion in both world wars; eminent expenses grew beyond the security needs of the nations. Rates immediately prior to both wars were of such a magnitude as to strongly suggest the imminence of war. In both these cases, inhibitory controls on armaments could have prevented wars of the sizes that occurred. For example, Treaty of versatile prohibitions on Germany and the League of Nations treaties vetoed by Great Britain in the 1923-25 period. What distinguished the occurrence of WWI and WWII entailed the dependence on the military, and the inhibitory controls. The choices made were military ones: balance of power and Maginot Lincoln neither ease did these methods perform, as intended, to prevent war. In terms of the present model in the WWI-WWII interim period, German DT was not

Hemolysis of Horse Red Blood Cell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hemolysis of Horse Red Blood Cell - Essay Example There are factors that contribute to the ability of the solute to pass through the cell membrane. One is the permeability of the cell membrane. Cell membrane is a lipid bilayer which does not allow ions and small hydrophilic molecules to freely pass the membrane (Kimball). Thus, for the sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and D-glucose solution to hemolyze the cell, a dilute solution should be used since this would increase the water concentration in the medium causing osmosis to occur. Another factor that determine membrane permeability is lipid solubility. Generally, low solubility in lipid would mean slower rate of entry to the cell (Crawford). Hydrophilic substances will pass through the membrane slowly. As shown in the results, D-glucose, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were not able to cause hemolysis, Polarity and molecular size also affect the rate of entry of solute. Most polar molecules are hydrophilic; they cannot easily permeate the membrane (Cell Membrane, 2). Ethanol, propano-1-ol and glycerol, although polar, are small enough to pass through the membrane (Membrane Permeability). Notice that the time of hemolysis increases with molecular size with the glycerol having the longest time. Ammonium chloride was able to hemolyze the cell compared to other salts.

Student teacher ratio Essay Example for Free

Student teacher ratio Essay Introduction Policy makers nationwide, in the field of education, are concerned about the educational system, particularly with regards to the overall success of educational programs. Considerable research has suggested that, compared to their Asian and European counterparts, American students, especially at the secondary level, do not perform as well (Ehrenberg, Brewer, Gamoran Willms, 2001). Given the evidence in support of this observation, policy makers have set out to examine the weaknesses in the system so that improvements can be made in deficient areas. One of the issues that have continued to figure at the forefront of debates is the matter of the student-teacher ratio. Researchers are concerned about the potential effects it may have on student performance and achievement (Borland, Howsen Trawick, 2005, p. 73). Gursky in 1998 indicated that adjusting class size was probably the most â€Å"popular educational initiative across the country (p. 16). At that time school districts across the nation were seeking to implement mandated policies on the required size of classes. President Clinton, in that same year, demonstrated his commitment to improving educational programs when he proposed in his State of the Union address that $12 billion be invested over a seven year period into programs geared at reducing the class size in the lower grades. This, he suggested, would be accomplished through the hiring of about 100, 000 additional teachers (Gursky, 1998). President Clinton’s position reflects that held by some analysts in education who believe that increasing and improving inputs into the educational system is a useful way of impacting student performance. Inputs, on the part of administrators or government, are usually classified in terms of finances or resources. Adjusting the student-teacher ratio or government spending on education, for example, are some of the means by which policy makers have tackled the issue of student achievement (Lamdin, 1995). This is based on the hypothesis that student achievement, as measured by their performance on standardized instruments, is dependent on and determined by the resources invested into the educational institutions, the student-teacher ratio being one of the most important and noted investments (Graddy Stevens, 2005). Student achievement in these contexts is usually measured solely or primarily on the basis of performance on standardized test instruments. However student performance on tests is not the only way of determining achievement. Dustmann, Rajah van Soest (2003) examine achievement in a broader context. They consider that the decision to pursue further education after completing high school could be considered an aspect of student achievement. Therefore school continuation after completing high school could also be a measure of learning. This is, as the literature demonstrates, that individuals who pursue higher education and thereby obtain higher qualifications earn significantly more than individuals simply completing high school (Colorado Association, n. d. ). According to statistics reported by the U. S. Census Bureau in 2004 persons who drop out of high school earn, on average, $19, 169 annually, those graduating high school earn $28, 645, college graduates earn $51, 554 and those with advanced degrees earn $78, 093 (as cited in Colorado Association, n. d. ). Considerations on student achievement should therefore not be restricted to scores on standardized instruments but should take into other factors which demonstrate, in the long run, that the educational system has been of benefit to the student. It is therefore not strange that policy makers wish to improve student performance. The option of reducing class sizes is probably, indeed, one of the most popular governmental initiatives geared at impacting student performance. By reducing class sizes the government is able to increase the resources available to individual schools and districts (Dustmann et al. , 2003, p. F99). Thus, the rationale for reducing class size, according to researchers, is that it is a tool for school improvement. Governments have tended to adopt this strategy because, according to Dustmann (2003), these programs are visible to voters and comparatively easy to implement and not necessarily based on research which demonstrates that this strategy is indeed effective in improving student performance. Though much research has gone into the issue it is still debated whether or not the student-teacher ratio shares a direct relationship with student performance. Not only in the United States but also in the United Kingdom the supporting arguments from either side are equally as weighty (Graddy Stevens, 2005) and it is still disputed whether or not reducing class sizes has a noticeable effect on student achievement (Dustmann et al. , 2003, p. F99). The merits of smaller classes There are many arguments put forward that a smaller class size is more beneficial. Among the arguments some propose that smaller classes are better in terms of discipline (Gursky, 1998). Having fewer students in the classroom means that there will be less noise and also a less disruptive behavior (Ehrenberg, Brewer, Gamoran Willms, 2001). Another argument put forward for smaller class sizes is that the teacher has greater opportunities to provide individualized instruction for the students in the classroom (Gursky, 1998). In this way teachers can provided needed assistance to struggling students as there is less demand on his/her time due to the lower number of pupils. Teachers are in a better position to familiarize themselves with all the students in the class in order to develop a greater understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, challenges, learning styles etcetera, and make the necessary accommodations to ensure each child is successful in the regular classroom. Instructional variety has been one of those topics that have been heavily debated, especially given that more and more culturally diverse students are entering the classroom. With the new mandates under the No Child Left Behind policy all students are expected to perform to the same level at the end of the year, regardless of learning, cognitive or other difficulties. In a smaller classroom the teacher is able to manipulate stimulus material to gain the interest of the cross section of pupils, adopt varied teaching strategies, provide for greater in-class interaction of pupils and overall free up time for the teacher to complete activities in the classroom that are often constrained because of time and class size (Ehrenberg, 2001). The benefits of smaller classrooms thus illuminated seem overwhelming. However, considering that research has not been conducted to justify these claims they are really superfluous (Ehrenberg et al. , 2001). Until a consensus has been made on the place of smaller class sizes in the educational system, it is hasty to matter-of-factly say that these benefits are automatic with smaller classes and reduced student-teacher ratios.

Identity in Tender is the Night and Appointment in Samarra Essay

According to the Merriam Webster, identity is the â€Å"sameness of essential or generic character in different instances† (Merriam Webster). An identity can be the qualities or beliefs that make a person different from another, but it is also the thing that connects them. A man’s identity stays with him â€Å"for the rest of his life† and is something that â€Å"[can] not change much† (O’Hara 202, 193). Identity is who one is born to, what one thinks, what one says, and what one does; John O’Hara and F. Scott Fitzgerald both utilize the theme of identity in describing the lives and actions of the central characters Julian English and Dick Diver in their novels, Appointment in Samarra and Tender is the Night. Discovering their individual identities is a journey for both men, and on their journey to self-discovery the men believe that by fixing their lives they will discover their identity. Both Julian and Dick struggle to maintain perfect or der in their lives by controlling fate, but their ancestral obligations lead to self-destruction and inevitable downfall. While Diver commits social suicide, English commits actual suicide, and the two seal their fates the second they try to change their journey. Sigmund Freud’s Oedipus complex is a feeling of sexual attracting of a child toward their parent; the fixation towards one’s father or mother can lead to choices of sexual partners or spouses that resemble the parent. The wives of Julian English and Dick Diver, Caroline and Nicole, marry their husbands because of their fatherly personas, and Caroline and Nicole’s own incestuous pasts shape and control their relationships with Julian and Dick. The superficiality of English and Diver and their inability to realize who they are lead to a need to contro... ... Is the Night." Modern Fiction Studies 4.2 (Summer 1958): 136-142. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Jennifer Smith. Vol. 19. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Literature Resource Center. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. Tate, Mary Jo. "John O'Hara and F. Scott Fitzgerald." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. "The Identity of the Fathers." Tender is the Night: The Broken Universe. Milton R. Stern. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994. 102-107. Twayne's Masterwork Studies 137. Twayne's Authors on GVRL. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. Tomkins, David. "Appointment in Samarra." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 21 Oct. 2013 "War and Grace: The Importance of Tender is the Night." Tender is the Night: The Broken Universe. Milton R. Stern. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994. 3-13. Twayne's Masterwork Studies 137. Twayne's Authors on GVRL. Web. 24 Sept. 2013.

Mortality Regimes And Longevity Risk Health And Social Care Essay

This paper explores the presence of governments in mortality kineticss and assesses their deductions for length of service hazard direction. Our attack extends the Poisson log bilinear arrested development developed by Brouhn et Al. by capturing the time-varying mortality constituent with a Markov regime-switching theoretical account. The theoretical account is so applied to Gallic mortality informations sets from 1947 to 2007. Our analysis reveals that one government is characterized by high volatility and is active during the 20 old ages after the Second World War. The 2nd government corresponds to a province of low volatility and captures length of service betterments observed during the recent period. A Monte Carlo simulation is so used to look into the impact of mortality governments for the hazard direction of life rente portfolios. Simulation reveals that the initial distribution of a mortality government affects well the solvency degree of portfolio and the capital demands, c orroborating the importance of taking into history mortality regimes for the direction of life rente portfolios. Keywords: Life rente, Mortality Projection, Regime-switching Models JEL Classification: C32, G22, G23 1. Introduction Life anticipation everyplace has increased well over the last century. In France, mortality has declined steeply, as older people live longer. Life anticipation at birth for males has passed from 45 old ages in 1900 to 81 old ages in 2000. This phenomenon is seen as good intelligence for persons and as a significant societal accomplishment. However, it poses new challenges for the policy shapers, private pension directors and other suppliers of life rentes, where the consequence of life anticipation betterments on the solvency of pension systems is a concern ( Macdonald et al. , 1998 ) . As underlined by Marocco and Pitacco ( 1998 ) , length of service hazard, that is, the uncertainness sing the future development of mortality and life anticipation results, affects the pricing and reserving of life rente merchandises well. Indeed, establishments supplying life rentes run the hazard that the existent value of projects exceeds their outlooks, taking to state of affairss of bankruptcy, when establishments can non pay the promised sum to endorsers. The computation of expected present values therefore requires an appropriate mortality projection that avoids underestimating future duties. In 1992, Lee and Carter proposed a simple theoretical account that specifies mortality rate alteration as a map of a individual clip index. The method describes the mortality rate as the amount of an age-specific constituent independent of clip and a bilinear term that is the merchandise of a time-varying parametric quantity vector stand foring the development of mortality over clip and an age-specific vector of parametric quantities reflecting how each age is impacted by the development of mortality. The estimation of the time-varying parametric quantity is so modeled and forecast as a stochastic time-series utilizing the Box-Jenkins method. The forecast mortality rate is so obtained by uniting the prognosis time-varying mortality constituent obtained by an ARIMA theoretical account, with the estimated parametric quantities relative to age effects. However, the usage of an ARIMA theoretical account to depict the behaviour of mortality over clip appears unrealistic. As Sweeting ( 2010 ) underscores, mortality nowadayss sudden alterations in tendencies, proposing the presence of a non-linear construction. Furthermore, the mortality procedure exhibits non-Gaussian belongingss such as fat dress suits, heteroscedasticity, and lopsidedness. In visible radiation of these facts, we propose to capture the time-varying mortality constituent obtained by a Poisson log bilinear theoretical account appraisal, with a Markov exchanging theoretical account. Markov exchanging theoretical accounts were introduced by Goldfeld and Quandt ( 1973 ) and became popular after the seminal paper of Hamilton ( 1989 ) . In finance and economic sciences, regime-switching theoretical accounts have received turning attending. They are capable of capturing complex non-linear kineticss, including sudden alterations in the behaviour of clip series, and complicated signifiers of heteroscedasticity, fat dress suits, and skews. They are notably used to capture the kineticss of GDP ( Hamilton, 1989 ) , plus monetary values ( Longin and Solnik, 2001 ) or involvement rates that exhibit non-Gaussian belongingss ( Ang and Bekaert, 1998 ) . Ang and Timmermann ( 2011 ) supply a good study of the assorted applications of Markov exchanging theoretical accounts in economic sciences and finance. In actuarial scientific disciplines, government shift has been largely focused on the pricing of fiscal merchandises ( Hardy, 2001 ; Bollen, 1998 ) . To our cognition, merely M ilidonis et Al. ( 2011 ) have explored the usage of Markov regime-switching theoretical accounts to capture mortality kineticss. They apply this type of theoretical account to US informations from 1921 to 2005 and demo that mortality is characterized by a two-regime shift theoretical account. However, their work brushs an obvious unfavorable judgment: the designation of mortality governments could be merely due to the presence of the two universe wars in their sample. In this paper, we explore the inquiry whether mortality governments are discernable in Gallic informations from 1947 to 2007. Using an information standard attack, we find that Gallic mortality is characterized by two distinguishable governments. One government refers to a strong uncertainness province, matching to length of service conditions observed during the decennary following the Second World War. The 2nd province is related to the low volatility of length of service betterments observed during the last 30 old ages. The cardinal invention of our paper is the probe of the influence of mortality governments on length of service hazard. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we derive a conditional distribution of prospective life tabular arraies, which are so used in order to mensurate the influence of mortality governments on life rente portfolio hazard. It appears that the active distribution of a mortality government affects well the projection of mortality, but besides the uncertainness that comes from this projection. That connexion is peculiarly of import for statisticians, who must find the sum of money required to pay pensions, every bit good as the safety lading used to cover the uncertainness relation to the betterment in life anticipation. The paper is organized as follow. Section 2 nowadayss notations, premises, and informations. Section 3 provides a elaborate presentation of the methodological analysis associating to mortality projection theoretical accounts. Section 4 presents the appraisal consequences. In subdivision 5, a cash-flow simulation of a portfolio of life rentes measures the chief deductions of a mortality government on length of service hazard and capital demands. Section 6 concludes the paper. 2. Notations, Assumptions, and Datas 2.1. Notation Mortality is studied in two dimensions: age, and calendar clip. We shall utilize so following notation: represents the staying life-time of an single elderly on January 1 of twelvemonth. is the chance that an single elderly in twelvemonth dies before making age. is the chance that an single aged survives during the twelvemonth and reaches age ; note. is the cardinal mortality rate at age during the clip. is the exposure to hazard at age during twelvemonth. It represents the entire clip lived by people aged during the twelvemonth. represents the figure of deceases at age during the clip, from an exposure to hazard. represents the figure of persons aged in life during the twelvemonth. is the expected staying life-time of single aged in the clip. is the monetary value of the net present value of a life rente sold to an single elderly in twelvemonth. 2.2. Premises The cardinal mortality rate is supposed changeless within two sets to and to. For any given whole number and a day of the month, we so obtain: ( 1 ) The premise of a changeless mortality cardinal rate implies that for an single elderly in twelvemonth that: ( 2 ) Finally, two measures of involvement mostly used by demographists and statisticians are introduced. Life anticipation is a classical step sum uping the development of the mortality over the clip: ( 3 ) The computation is based on the survival chances from age to the ultimate age aa‚ ¬ † The maximal age considered depends on the pick of life table closings.[ 1 ]As the endurance chances are non available after clip, they must be extrapolated from a projection theoretical account. The life rente refers to the net present value of future payments sold to an single elderly in twelvemonth: ( 4 ) where is the price reduction factor that we suppose changeless over clip.[ 2 ] 3.2. Datas For this survey, male and female Gallic mortality informations have been taken from the Human Mortality database.[ 3 ]The informations consist of the cardinal mortality rate, the exposure to hazard, and the figure of deceases between two ages. It was desirable to utilize merely informations from 1947 through 2007. The period before 1947 has been ignored to avoid the mortality dazes associated with the first and 2nd universe wars. We consider merely the age scope between 60 and 98 old ages. Age classes younger than 60 twelvemonth are ignored, since the aims of this survey focal point on length of service hazard jobs. The information, at older age ( over 98 old ages ) have besides been excluded due to the little figure of subsisters. Mortality at older ages will be however generated from a log quadratic map ( inside informations will be given in subdivision 3.5 ) . Figures 1-a and 1-b show the development of Gallic mortality during this period. A net decrease in mortality is observed f or both work forces and adult females, in peculiar at advanced ages. [ Figure 1 about here. ] 3. Methodology 3.1. A Poisson log bilinear theoretical account Following the attack introduces by Brouhns et Al. ( 2002b ) , the figure of deceases is captured by a Poisson distribution: ( 1 ) where is the force of mortality, designed as a log bilinear construction. The parametric quantities have the same reading as in the traditional Lee Carter theoretical account. The measures, and are specific age parametric quantities, is a time-varying parametric quantity stand foring the development of mortality over the clip. Again, is the exposure to hazard.[ 4 ]. The merchandise of and is the strength parametric quantity of the Poisson distribution ( ) . ItHe represents the expected figure of deceases during the twelvemonth. Finally, as in the Lee-Carter theoretical account, we impose restraints on parametric quantities and to guarantee theoretical account designation: ( 2 ) One advantage of the Poisson log bilinear theoretical account over the Lee Carter theoretical account is that appraisal is realized by maximising the likeliness, alternatively of a remarkable value decomposition ( SVD ) . Consequently, there is no demand to hold a complete rectangular matrix of informations to gauge parametric quantities. Furthermore, a Poisson log bilinear gives straight the figure of deceases whereasile the Lee Carter theoretical account gives merely an appraisal of decease rates. 3.2. Model appraisal The log bilinear Poisson theoretical account is estimated by maximising the log-likelihood: ( 3 ) The presence of the bilinear term does non let one to using classical Poisson arrested development. To avoid this job, the appraisal is resolved by the simple Newton method, ( Goodman, ( 1979 ) . The rule consists into updatinge the individual set of parametric quantities whilein repairing the other parametric quantity at their current values: ( 4 ) The lLog bilinear Poisson theoretical account comprisesaccounts three different sets of parametric quantities, the, the, and the vector vector. The updating algorithm is organized as follow: : ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) wWhere is the expected figure of deceases occuroccurringed each twelvemonth. [ ? ] propose to initialise the algorithm with get downing values, , and. At the terminal of the updating measure, the theoretical account designation is non ensured. To esteem the restraint suggested by Lee and Carter ( 1992 ) , the theoretical account must be reparametrized as follows: ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) wWhereith and is the mean of footings. Contrary to the Lee Carter attack, there is no demand to readapt the procedure the kappa as own map of the figure of deceases. 3.3. Modeling the time- factor under a Markov shift theoretical account As underlined by Sweeting ( 2010 ) emphasizes in defence of the pick of government exchanging theoretical accounts to capture dynamic mortality, the mortality procedure exhibits a sudden interruption during the last century, supporting the pick of government exchanging theoretical accounts to capture dynamic mortality. Following this determination, we model the procedure with a regime-switching theoretical account. The procedure exhibits a non- stationarity. The application of a first- difference filter removes the tendency constituent from the series and gives a stationary procedure toon which we can use our theoretical account. Let be the clip series, obtained from the first differenced. We suppose that is modeled as a regime- shift procedure: ( 11 ) ( 12 ) andWhere and are, severally, the intercept and the autoregressive coefficients comparative to each province. The term represents the vector of conditional remainders. The term is the conditionnal residuary term, usually distributed with a average equal to zero and a regime-dependent criterion divergence. The theoretical account described here is really general and allows intercepts, autoregressive footings, and covariances to change across provinces. When presuming one government is assumed, the theoretical account becomes a simple AR ( cubic decimeter ) theoretical account. Governments passages are governed by a procedure that satisfies the undermentioned Markov concatenation belongingss: ( 13 ) Hence, each government is the realisation of a first- order Markov concatenation with changeless passage chances. The province kineticss are unseen and must be inferred straight from the discernible variable. The passage chances are represented in the passage matrix: ( 14 ) Each component of the matrix P must fulfill the undermentioned conditions: ( 15 ) The choice of figure of governments is a current job infrom regime- exchanging theoretical account researchs. To find the figure of governments, we adopted the information standard for theoretical account choice. This method offers good consequences and is easy to transport out ( Psaradakis and Spagnolo, ( 2006 ) . Refering the pick of information standard, we preferprefer to used the MSC standard that has beenwas developed specifically for regime- shift theoretical accounts, ( Smith et al. , ( 2006 ) . However, the AIC standard is besides reported. To gauge the theoretical account, we use an iterative numerical process based on the Expected Maximization ( ) algorithm developed by Dempster et Al. ( 1977 ) . The process is an optimisation technique designed for theoretical accounts where the ascertained clip series depends on an unobservable stochastic variable, such as in Markov exchanging theoretical accounts. The get downing values required to initialise the algorithm are obtained by using the K-means method ( MacQueen et al. , ( 1967 ) . 3.4. Prospective life tabular arraies and assurance intervals In prediction, an indispensable inquiry concerns the degree of uncertainness degree relation to the forecasted measures, such as mortality rate or life anticipations. A good cognition of the distribution and assurance intervals of forecasted measures aAlso, he appears indispensable to hold a good cognition of distribution or assurance intervals of forecasted measures. Unfortunately, in theour instance we are analyzing, we can non deduce an analytical look for the distribution or assurance intervals. This is due to facts that, the building of prospective life tabular arraies needfully involvesrequires uniting two kinds oftype mistakes. The first mistake arises from the appraisal of, , and. The 2nd mistake comes from the projection of, because of the parametric quantities of regime-s shift theoretical accounts are themselves random variables. Furthermore, the involvement measures of involvement, such as life anticipation, are non- additive complex maps of Poisson parametric quantities and regime- shift parametric quantities ; , this poses an extra complication. To get the better of these jobs, a Monte Carlo simulation process is used to come close the distribution of involvement pertinent measures such as mortality rate, life anticipation, and life rente. The simulation is organized as follows. First, we generate MM samples of, , and, where m is the index relation to the m-th simulations. Let be the m-thmth fake parametric quantity sets composed of, , and. Under regularity premises, asymptotic belongingss of maximal likeliness calculators ( MLE ) warrants that is generated followerss a multivariate normal distribution ( MND ) with average vector, , , and covariance matrix given by the opposite of the Fisher information mMatrix. From the fake series, we estimate MM government exchanging theoretical accounts and obtain MM parametric quantity sets denoted. Each set is composed of, , , , and elements of the associated passage chances matrix associated. The parametric quantity sets are so used to bring forth MM projections of, denoted. Note that under regime- shift scenes, the predicted values do notnaa‚ ¬a„?t depend merely on estimated parametric quantity sets as in the instance of additive theoretical accounts. They are besides affected by the initial distribution of governments, denoted by the vector of chances selected as exogenic.[ 5 ]. In a two- government theoretical account without autoregressive footings, the fake values are given by ( 16 ) wWhere is a Markov concatenation generated from the initial province vector and chances passage matrix. The map is an index map equal to 1 if the procedure province is in the government. The projection is so derived from. The fake parametric quantity sets, , , and are eventually combined to build MM prospective life tabular arraies, denoted ( 17 ) wWhere m is the index relation to the mt-th simulations, the initial distribution of mortality governments, and the day of the month from which the values are projected. 3.5. Polynomial smoothing of older ages and shutting of life tabular array closings The computation of the mortality rate in old ageat older ages, poses significant jobs to demographists and statisticians. Indeed, mortality informations for older agesat older ages are frequently characterized by the presence of outlier informations. Wilmoth ( 1995 ) identifies two chief grounds. First, big random fluctuations are comparative to the little figure of single who survive to older age. Second, that is due to inaccuracies exist in the coverage of age in nose count. These inaccuracies causeprovide to cumulative deformation of heaping on ages by a multiple of five or ten. A natural solution to get the better of at this job is to smooth the mortality informations get downing from a specific age, for illustration, 80 old ages. Wilmoth ( 1993 ) established that the curve of the log mortality rate has a concave signifier inat older age. From On the footing of these findings, Denuit and Goderniaux ( 2005 ) proposed seting the log mortality by least squaresss square with a log-qu adratic map: ( 1 ) Capable to the Under contraintsconstraints: ( 2 ) wWhere corresponds to the first derived function of. The restraints and correspond to conditions of the shutting of the life tabular array. The first restraint fixes the upper bound of lifetime, while the 2nd assumessupposes that the incline of the log mortality curve become zeronull at maximal age. CIn uniting these equations, we obtain: ( 3 ) To find the age from which it is necessary to get downing log quadratic parameterization, we refer to [ ? ] in which it is the finding ofchoose to find so as to in maximising the coefficient of finding. In Our instance, = . A simple geometric mean is used to smooth the mortality rate around to this age. 4. An application to Gallic population mortality 4.1. Appraisal of Poisson log bilinear theoretical account The log bilinear Poisson theoretical account, presented in subdivision 3.1, is applied to French data sets. Figure 3 plots the value of, , and obtained from the appraisal. As in the classical Lee Carter theoretical account, may be interpreted as the norm of. The curve is monotonically increasing, relatinged to higher mortality with age. As expected, adult females present values that are ever lower than those of work forces, reflecting a highersuperior life anticipation. Figure 2-b exhibits the form. The curve increases somewhat until age 75 old ages, and so diminutions. The values remain positive, bespeaking a decrease of mortality for all ages. The term is plotted ion figure 2-c. This term reflects the lessening of mortality over the clip.[ 6 ]. As expected, it exhibits a regular bettering tendency, slightlygently more of import for adult females than work forces. After 2007, the calculationus of mortality rates requires knowledge ofto know the future values of. For this, we projectate future values from the regime- shift theoretical account as described in subdivision 3.3. Since the augmented Dickey Fuller trial, reported in table 1, confirmsAs that the series is non-stationary ( The augmentedDickey Fuller trial are reported in table 1 confirms it ) , , the appraisal and projection are based on the differenced series, viz. ) , whichthat is stationary. The tabular array besides reports the descriptive statistics of. He appearsIt emerges that exhibits an surplus of lopsidedness and kurtosis, in peculiar in the instance of notably by adult females. A Jarque-Bera trials is besides reported to analyze whethertest if follows a G aussian distribution. It is clearHe appears clearly that the behaviour is non-t Gaussian for both work forces and adult females. This confirms the, corroborating the involvement ofto patterning the time- varying constituent with a regime- shift theoretical account. [ Table 1 about here. ] [ Figure 2 about here. ] 4.2. Forecasting the mortality with government exchanging The kineticss of areis captured with a regime- shift theoretical account. To choose goods characteristics of the theoretical account, an information standard attack has been adopted. A big scope of specifications washas been tested byin augmenting bit by bit the figure of governments of governments and the figure of slowdown of slowdowns. The table 2 nowadayss merely the consequences for the instance and.[ 7 ]. – regime- exchanging theoretical account with regime-dependent impetus and regime-dependent criterion divergence theoretical account performs better than a single- government theoretical account for both work forces and adult females. the MSIH ( 2 ) theoretical account and geometric Brownian gesture ( GBM ) are reported ion tabular array 2. The two identified governments in government the shift theoretical accounts are easy explainable. The first government corresponds to a high uncertainness province of mortality development, while the 2nd is characterized by a low volatility of mortality. Indeed, the standard divergence is higher in the government 1 ( 3.64 for work forces and 6.25 for adult females ) than in the government 2 ( 0.43 for work forces and 0.85 for adult females ) . CThe comparing with the additive theoretical account reveals that the uncertainyuncertainty may be twice every bit high compared comparative to classical ARIMA appraisal. Our consequences uncover differences harmonizing to sexthe sexe. As expected, the drift term is more higher for adult females than for work forces, reflecting the current difference of life anticipation observed in mortality informations. However, the consequences besides indicate that the mortality development is more unsure 40 by adult females than forby work forces. Finally, the fact that the impetuss are non statistically significantly different from nothing in government 1, suggests that government 1 corresponds instead to a government of decelerating down inof anticipation life betterment. [ Table 3 about here. ] s after 1965. A similar information mutant is observed for adult females, excepted that the switch appears more Oklahomans, from 1960. Finally, a new switch of governments is captured in 2003 both for both work forces and adult females. This is explained by the heat wave that swept acrossof heat occurred in Europe, during the summer of 2003, which increased has caused an overmortality amongst frailer older peopleby older people the more frail. At the terminal of table 2, we report the ergodic chances and continuance steps relative to each mortality government. For work forces, we find that the chances to be in a government 1 or in a government 2 are comparatively closed. In footings of continuance, the governments are extremely relentless. For work forces and adult females, the government lastsgoes on around 20 old ages. The mortality regimes seem so sufficiently, adequate persistent to impact durably the life anticipation of insurance companies, and the degree of liabilities, which insurers consider. [ Figure 3 about here. ] 4.3. A distribution of pProspective life tabular arraies As explained in the subdivision 3.4, a Monte Carlo simulation is used to bring forth 5000 samples of the original parametric quantities the simulation are non reported here for deficiency of infinite, but are available on demand. The assurance intervals derived from the sSimulations, give us a good position of the uncertainness relation to the log bilinear Poisson appraisal. From the fake parametric quantities for the regime- shift parametric quantities theoretical account is so obtained.s. The quantile s the general degree of uncertainness relation to mortality projection. [ Table 4 about here. ] tabular arraies are so derived from the fake parametric quantities ( wWhere – shift scenes, the prediction of mortality rates depends on the distribution of the mortality government at the day of the month of projection, namelyFor the interest of simplificationTo interest of simplify, we assume that the active government in s to has two possible instances, viz. pertinent measures will be computed as maps of both distributions. A last measure is required to finalise the life tabular arraies. As explained in the subdivision 3.4, we apply aA log- quadratic map to smooth mortality at older ages and shut the tabular arraies as discussed in [ ? ] – quadratic theoretical account is fixed at 80 old ages. Figure 4 gives an illustration of smoothed and closed life tabular arraies, including projections out tountil 2050 and presuming an initial distribution tabular arraies, we derive two other involvement measures of involvement, viz. the distribution of life anticipation, and the distribution of a life rente ( i.e. , a net individual premium life rente ) . The life anticipation and the net individual premium are investigated utilizing the longitudinal ( cohort ) attack ( cohort attack ) . This method differs from the transversal attack in the sense thatwhere the development of mortality is non investigated merely in footings of calendar times, but besides takes into history the twelvemonth of individualsaa‚ ¬a„? birthdays. Under the longitudinal attack, life anticipation and the life rente are given by – twelvemonth endurance probabilities the mortality rate In the computation of the life rente, we assume that the price reduction factor the short rate observed over the sample period ( 1947-2007 ) , equal to 4 % . It appears that the mortality government affects well the distribution of life anticipation and life rente well. Harmonizing to the active government at the projection day of the month, the distributions function exhibits different forms, bespeaking that the mortality government affects the jutting values, but besides the uncertainness relation to projections. If we consider the instance where the government 1 is active at the projection day of the month, the life anticipation distribution nowadayss fat dress suits compared to the Gaussian instance, bespeaking that the classical projection theoretical account ( ARIMA theoretical account ) may underestimatea possible underestimate of life anticipation betterments by the classical projection theoretical account ( ARIMA theoretical account ) . That fact is peculiarly of import for statisticians, whothat decide theto sums of money required to fund the payment of the pensions, or the safety border required to hedgethe coverage of the uncertainness relatingve to the betterment inof life anticipation. Harmonizing to the new European solvency system ( Solvency II ) , the solvency capital demand ( SCR ) must vouch that Thea ruin chance of ruin is below toless than iesy supplying life rentes run the hazard that the choosen safety burden is non plenty to vouch the payment of pensions. , and endorsers. First, how do mortality governments affect the hazard of life rente portfolios? Second, what is the economic cost of disregarding governments? To reply to theseis two inquiries, we follow [ ? ] a life rente portfolio of life rentes under different mortality regime- exchanging scenes. 5.1. Methodology See a portfolio composed of of age 65 old ages, supplying a unit capital at the terminal of each twelvemonth. At the beginning of the distribution stage, in 2007, the company which manages the life rentes portfolio defines a measure of money ( i.e. , net individual premiums ) , matching to the value nowadays of the expected cost of paying a decease benefit. Each twelvemonth, one unit of money is distributed to each populating single. The portion of non- distributed militias is reinvested, bring forthing a returnthe last single. Let rReserve available at the get downing day of the month. the portfolio. The figure of deceases a Ppoisson distribution withof strength parametric quantity the one- twelvemonth subsister chances from s during 2007 is so simulated from the Poisson distribution utilizing: the old subdivision, the figure of deceases depends straight on the initial active government. So, sSimulations are conducted for each initial mortality province. The figure of subsisters at the beginning of following twelvemonth is given by: , the initial modesty of rentes, the rReserve is so equal to: vanishes wholly vanished, for the last single. We besides assume that the rate of return on the modesty the price reduction rate ( 4 % ) . At the beginning of the distribution stage, we assume that the company gets an sum, the net individual premiums ) , which is used to pay the pensions until the decease of the last single. We investigate five three calculating methods for calculating of this sum: : Pure premium under cross position. We consider the instance where the net individual premium is merely computed from mortality informations from 2007 ( without any mortality projection ) . Regime-dependent pure premium under longitudinal position. The mortality rates are projected utilizing a Markov exchanging theoretical account, and used to monetary value life annuitiesy as described in subdivision 3.4. Note that under the Markov shift model, the net individual premium is a regime-dependent measure, which differs harmonizing to the initial active government. Regime-dependent pure premium + safety border under longitudinal position. Finally, we investigated the instance where a safety border is added to the conditional expected premium computed from longitudinal attack. The net individual premiums are defined, by bear downing the 90 % , 95 % , and 99.5 % percentile of life rente denseness, as described in old subdivision. For each value of net individual premiums, we compute five hazard indexs, mensurating how mortality projection affects the life rentes portfolio, viz. : tThe pProbability of ruin which is, i.e. , the chance that the net individual premium defined in 2007 does notnaa‚ ¬a„?t suffice to pay all the promised payments. The chance is computed byin sing a rate of return on the modesty equal to the price reduction rate. tThe clip until ruin, i.e. , means the mean figure of twelvemonth elapsed before ruin, given that the ruin occurs. tThe average loss, i.e. , corresponds to the norm of the shortages registered for the twelvemonth whenre the ruin occurs. tThe average figure of staying cContracts, i.e. , contracts staying in the twelvemonth whenre the ruin occurs. tThe fudging involvement rate, i.e. , which is the involvement rate on the modesty needed to guarantee a entire hedge of length of service hazard ( in other wordsi.e. , a chance of ruin thatwhich is niull ) . 5.2. Consequences of Cash flow Simulation Tables 5 and 6 resume the chief consequences of the simulations. Hazard steps are computed for each value of a net individual premium. Tables 5-a and 6-a show the simulation consequences when the initial province is the government 1, while tabular arraies 5-b and 6-b refer to the state of affairs where the government 2 is active. Note fFirst that, sSimulations highlights the importance of mortality projections. The net individual premiums computed on the footing of the transversal method leads to the bankruptcy in about of 80 % of fake instances. We find that about one 3rd of contracts are non fulfilledsatisfied and the average loss at the minute of ruin corresponds to more thanof 20 % of the nominal sum. [ Table 5 about here. ] a logical decrease oflogically diminishing the chance of ruin. However, ithe appears to be necessary to include a safety burden, since bear downing the pure premiums on the footing of the longitudinal method consequences into the negative hard currency flow in 50 % of fake instances. The last row of each tabular array considers the instance where the Ssolvency Ccapital Rrequirement is applied, ( that is, intending that the safety lading allow to coverensures coverage of 99.5 % of the fake scenarios ) . As expected, the chance of ruin, the average loss, mean and the figure of unfulfilledsatisfying contracts so decreases so substantiallysignificantly. An indispensable determination of our research concerns the fact that the mortality province active at the beginning of the distribution stage affects well the hazard of life rente portfolios well. For a similar degree of hazard ( i.e. , ruin chance of ruin ) , we note big differences in the pure premium harmonizing to which ofwhen the government 1 or regime 2 is active or when the government 2 is active. The safety burden, which is the extra sum of modesty required to restrict the ruin chance, is besides affected. If we consider the degree of ruin defined harmonizing to Ssolvency II2, ithe appears that the safety burden is twice as higher when the government 1 is active, reflecting the strong uncertainness comparative toin mortality development inrelative to this province. It is besides interesting to observe that mortality governments affects the day of the month of bankruptcy, the degree of average loss or the figure of unfulfilledsatisfying contracts. All these steps are deterior ated when the government 1 is active at the beginning of the distribution stage. [ Table 6 about here. ] Simulations performed on the female informations confirm these consequences. It appears clearly that the initial province affects the hazard of the portfolio. However, the consequences highlight differences harmonizing to the gender of endorsers. The day of the month of bankruptcy occurs subsequently on norm more recently for adult females than for work forces, while the average loss is higher for adult females than for work forces. Similarly, the figure of staying contracts at the bankruptcy day of the month is higher for adult females than for work forces. So far, we established that the existencepresence of government shift in the distribution of mortality could impact the hazard of life rente portfolios well. This grounds does non connote, nevertheless, that companiesy thatwhich manages the life rente portfolios are is needfully better off if they accountby accounting for governments in the mortality distribution. So, we assess hence the economic cost of governments. We undertake this analysisdo it by comparing the hazard step under the regime- shift theoretical account of mortality to the riskat presuming the pension director is constrainedt to take a net individual premium under the premise that mortality development follows a simple geometric Brownian gesture. Table 6 presents the brinies consequences. Columns 1 and 3 study the chance of ruin when the pension director is constrainedt to disregard governments. We find that disregarding governments increases well the hazard of bankruptcy for a starting government of high volatility ( province 1 ) . That suggests a possible underestimate of length of service hazard by the classical projection theoretical account.[ 8 ]. For the instance where the pension director triesy to esteem the Ssolvency Ccapital Rrequirement ( last row of each tabular array ) , disregarding high volatility governments is tantamount to doublinge the chance of ruin for male endorsers ( from 0.5 % to 1.1 % ) , and to multiplying it by 5 for female endorsers ( from 0.5 % to 2.4 % ) . A 2nd manner to quantify the effects relative to disregarding the governments is to calculate the fluctuation of safety burden, fulfilling the ruin chance mark. In other word, what is the sum of safety burden that a pension director constrained tot disregarding governments must add in order for that the ruin chance of his portfolio to match to the true mark. The per centums are reported in the columns 2 and 4 of table 6. For statisticians and pension directors, an highly relevantinteresting value for the safety burden is that necessaryrelative to esteem the mark defined by solvency 2Solvency II. We find that disregarding a high volatility government is tantamount to underestimatinge the safety lading byfrom 13 % for work forces and byfrom 27 % for adult females, compared to the degrees predicted by the classical ARIMA theoretical account. These consequences confirms therefore the importance of taking accounting mortality regimes into history for the direction of theportfolios of life rentes life rente portfolio. [ Table 7 about here. ] 62. Decision This paper explores the presence being of governments in mortality kineticss and measures the deductions for a portfolios of life annuitiesy. This is achievedWe do it by capturing the kineticss of time- changing mortality constituents obtained by a Poisson log bilinear theoretical account appraisal with a Markov exchanging theoretical account. The pick of a Markov exchanging theoretical account is motivated by the fact that time- changing constituents exhibits sudden alterations of tendencies and exhibitpresents lopsidedness and fat dress suits, bespeaking a non- Gaussian distribution. The theoretical account is applied to the Gallic mortality informations from 1947 to 2007. The appraisals reveal the existencepresence of two governments in mortality kineticss. The first government is characterized by a highstrong volatility, and is operativeactive during the 20 old ages after the Ssecond Wworld War ; t. The 2nd identified government corresponds to a province of low volatility, and ca ptures the recent development of mortality. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we derive a conditional distribution of prospective life tabular arraies, and utilize them in order to look into the influence of mortality governments on the hazard of life rente portfolios. Simulations show that mortality governments affect well the monetary value of life rente merchandises and the safety burden required to cover the uncertainness relation to betterments in life anticipation life betterment. The fact of ignoringIgnorance of these governments result Immigration and Naturalization Services to underestimate of e the true hazard of bankruptcy. Harmonizing to our computationsing, disregarding a high volatility mortality government is tantamount to bearinghave a chance of ruin toof 1.1 % for work forces and to 2.5 % for adult females. However, Solvency II while solvency 2 regulations recommend that this chance ishould be smaller than 0.5 % . Our consequences argue in favour of mortality projections under government exchanging instead under ARIMA theoretical accounts. Indeed, mortality governments affect clearly the rating of liabilities, and disregarding governments consequences in to underestimation ofe the length of service hazard or mortality hazard. Sing In position of the prudential attack required by the rating of liabilities, the incorporation ofhe appears necessary of accounting mortality governments in thefor direction of the life rente portfolios appears necessary, and it seems sensible to recommend that the least favourable government should be used toeventually to monetary value the life annuitiesy or decease insurance merchandises utilizing the government the most unfavourable.

Behavior Plan Template Essay

Max does not talk about his past or his family. He focuses everything on sex, power, and himself. He has had six charges of assault and brags about how many woman he has slept with. Max has a personality that draws people in and can be very socialble, but once things do not go his way or are not about him he tends to lose it. He sees nothing wrong in what he does and it is normal to him. He has serious anger issues that he does not want to admit and I feel it has a lot to with his past. Max possibly suffered from some type of abuse when he was younger, either sexual, physical, emotional, or even all three. He seems to have very low self-esteem by the way he brags  and puts down other ideas. Max does not know how to have a normal relationship with people, without making things about himself or using anger while interacting. Max hold irrational beliefs about himself and the world, which is not good because it leads to the negative actions he has been exhibiting. This type of behavior Max is exhibiting relates to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Course of Treatment List two target behaviors and two interventions. Target Behaviors Anger Issues Relationship/Emotional Issues Frequency and Duration of Target Behaviors Anger Issues are serious for Max because he seems to not be able to handle his anger. This behavior needs to be targeted for three months because he has been so use to this behavior for a long time and he needs to learn how to control anger and react to things in a positive way. Relationship/Emotional issues is an important area that Max need to work on. He needs to be able have a relationship with others that does not consist of him being selfish or dominiating. This behavior needs to be targeted for three months because he does not know how to interact with people without being dominating or using sex to his advantage to get what he wants. Severity and Number of Relapses If Max does not get this behavior under control he could have to do prison or jail time. He could also run into the wrong person and lose his life or be seriously injured. He has relapsed around 4 times, it has been difficult for him. Max needs to learn how to have a normal relationship with a person, that uses the correct emotions and is not all about himself. There will come a time when he is truly alone and has nobody because they do not like how dominating and arrogant he was. He could resort back into depression. He has relapsed around 5 times because he cannot stop being dominating and arrogant. Interventions Max needs to be in angermanagment classes, along with group and one-on-one therapy. He also needs do some sort of community service. Max needs to be in  one-on-one therapy and group therapy. He should volunteer at homeless shelters, so he can appreciate what he has and improve his own self-worth. He should be involved in any sexual activity for 4 months. Goals and Objectives List two long-term goals, two short-term goals, and one objective to work towards each goal. Long-Term Goal 1. The long-term goal for anger issues is for Max to control his anger and not have any other incidents of assaulting people. 2. The long-term goal for relationship/emotional issues is for Max to learn how to have a healthy relationship with others, which he is not controlling or uncaring to the person. His self-esteem should be confidence and not arrogance. Short-Term Goal 1. The short-term goal for anger issues is for Max to not have any anger outburst or physical altercations with anyone for three months. 2. The short-term goal for relationship/emotional issues is for Max to understand individuals and think about them for he thinks about himself. Objectives 1. If Max can control his anger he will be able to be a happy person and can have a normal reaction to things in life, without feeling out of control with anger (Macavei, 2005). 2. If Max can learn how to have a healthy relationship and use his emotions correctly, he will not be alone, but can have someone who he really cares about and who really cares him (Macavei, 2005). 3. If Max can learn to not lose control right away of anger he can learn that he does not need violence, but can think before he reacts (Macavei, 2005). 4. If Max can learn to understand others and think about someone else than himself he can become a better person and not who is not depressed or hides behind negativity. He can truly understand himself and work on his own personal issue (Macavei, 2005). Discharge and Termination Plans Describe the discharge and termination plan for the client. Discharge Plan Max has been discharged after four months of treatment. He has shown he can  control his anger and really overcome his relationship and emotional issues. He has completed his anger management and therapy. Max will still have to take angermanagement classes once a week and therapy, but he will be free to live on his own and conduct his life normally. He has also been prescribed medication that will help with his mood swings. Termination Plan Max will be released and living on his own. He will have to check in once a month for a year to make sure he has not relapsed. If everything comes out good he will not have to check in after the year. References Macavei, B. (2005). The Role of Irrational Beliefs in the Rational Emotive Behavior Theory of Depression. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=9ad88650-04e2-482a-a3a8-bf1f672d5913%40sessionmgr4005&hid=4109&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=18046159

Free Essays on Change

how has your understanding of the consequences of change been shaped by the techniques used by various composers? My opinion has been shaped by the texts that I have read in my class text â€Å"Away† by Michael Gow, â€Å"The Door† by Miroslav Holub, â€Å"Now you see me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  by Maggie Alderson, â€Å"Sensory Overload† by Casey Goldberg, and â€Å"American History X† by Tony Kay through the techniques they have used to get their point of view across. I have learned that change is usually a good thing but you can have bad aspects of change. In â€Å"Away† by Michael Gow, because it’s a play he used the technique of first person to give you a more personal view of how the characters are feeling and what they are thinking when they react to the change which has occurred. One example of this is Coral, Coral is married to Roy who is a headmaster at a school, Coral and Roy’s son had died in Vietnam and they are both upset about it, but Coral starts to become depressed and isolated from society. Roy get annoyed by this because of his position at the school and asks her to get better or he will have her committed, Coral says that she cant help it because she cant think of anything to say to people, but she is made to by Roy. Roy and Coral go to holiday at a gold coast hotel where Coral tries to change by talking to people and getting to know them. She talks to a woman called Leonie who tries to politely stop their conversation but Coral keeps forcing it onto her until the Leonie confesses to Coral that her husband has been cheating on her. Coral then meets Rick who is on his honeymoon but is having problems with his wife, Coral is fascinated by Rick because he reminds her of her dead son, Coral continues to talk to Rick during her vacation, to the dislike of her husband. Roy tells Rick to leave his wife alone and threatens again to have his wife committed. Coral leaves Roy because of this and goes to a beach where she meats one of her hu... Free Essays on Change Free Essays on Change â€Å"The Comparison of Occurring Change† Change occurs in many different forms and is carried out in many different ways. People often want to reject change but must realize it is a never ending cycle which occurs daily. It must be overcome to live life and be content. This explains the essay, â€Å"Once More to the Lake,† written by E.B. White. In this essay the author and his son travel to a camp located in Maine. This was a place White was taken to as a child. The author wanted his son to experience this place the same way he did growing up, but change in the camp had occurred. My experience is similar to E.B. Whites. In 1992, I was taken to a favorite spot of my mother’s childhood. This was a cottage, owned by my great grandparents. It was located in Port Colburne, Canada. Many changes had occurred here also, in comparison to Whites situation. My mother traveled to Canada twice a month with her family. The cottage, along with four other houses, was located on a circular piece of property facing a lake. The land was very open and spacious, not like the camp in Maine being heavily wooded; these cottages were not in this type of setting. The cooking took place at home. There were no restaurants or farmhouses nearby for dining. My mother remembers the smell of dead fish on nights of fish frys and the horrible stench of Lysol that came from the outhouse. As years passed, a bathroom was built inside, and my mother experienced this new feature at our time of visit. The two places were alike in many ways but also different. White remembers this place as â€Å"remote and primeval† (p75), while my mother spoke of the cottage as being quite and undisturbed, a perfect place to spend family time. The cottage in Canada sat right on a lake. My mother remembers playing in the sand and water each day with cousins. Usually everyone spent the same weekend together at this home. During this time the lake was very wide. Old car tires were bough... Free Essays on Change how has your understanding of the consequences of change been shaped by the techniques used by various composers? My opinion has been shaped by the texts that I have read in my class text â€Å"Away† by Michael Gow, â€Å"The Door† by Miroslav Holub, â€Å"Now you see me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  by Maggie Alderson, â€Å"Sensory Overload† by Casey Goldberg, and â€Å"American History X† by Tony Kay through the techniques they have used to get their point of view across. I have learned that change is usually a good thing but you can have bad aspects of change. In â€Å"Away† by Michael Gow, because it’s a play he used the technique of first person to give you a more personal view of how the characters are feeling and what they are thinking when they react to the change which has occurred. One example of this is Coral, Coral is married to Roy who is a headmaster at a school, Coral and Roy’s son had died in Vietnam and they are both upset about it, but Coral starts to become depressed and isolated from society. Roy get annoyed by this because of his position at the school and asks her to get better or he will have her committed, Coral says that she cant help it because she cant think of anything to say to people, but she is made to by Roy. Roy and Coral go to holiday at a gold coast hotel where Coral tries to change by talking to people and getting to know them. She talks to a woman called Leonie who tries to politely stop their conversation but Coral keeps forcing it onto her until the Leonie confesses to Coral that her husband has been cheating on her. Coral then meets Rick who is on his honeymoon but is having problems with his wife, Coral is fascinated by Rick because he reminds her of her dead son, Coral continues to talk to Rick during her vacation, to the dislike of her husband. Roy tells Rick to leave his wife alone and threatens again to have his wife committed. Coral leaves Roy because of this and goes to a beach where she meats one of her hu...

Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan

Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan A Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan is critical for the success of a teacher in any kind of classroom. Still, a poorly organized resource room or self-contained classroom will be just as unproductive and chaotic as a general education classroom without a behavior rudder-perhaps more so. Too long, teachers have relied on being the biggest, the loudest or a bully to control misbehavior. Many children with disabilities have learned that disruptive behavior will help them avoid the embarrassment of revealing to their peers that they cant read, or that they get the answers wrong more often than not. Creating a well ordered and successful classroom is important for all children. Shy or well-behaved children need to know that they will be safe. Disruptive students need to have the structure that will support their best behavior and learning, not their worst behavior. Classroom Management: A Legal Obligation Because of lawsuits, states have created legislation that requires teachers to provide progressive discipline plans for students. Creating a safe educational environment is more than something nice, it is a legal responsibility as well as important to retaining employment. Being proactive is the best way to be sure that you can meet this important obligation. A Comprehensive Plan For a plan to truly be successful, it needs to: Provide clarity about expectations. This begins with rules but needs to continue with teaching. Routines or procedures also provide clarity about expectations.Recognize and reward appropriate behavior. This can be provided through Positive Behavior Support.Sanction and provide consequences for unacceptable behavior. In order to assure that a plan provides each of these things, it will also require all of the following. Reinforcement: Sometimes the term consequence is used for positive as well as negative outcomes. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) uses the term reinforcement. Reinforcement can be intrinsic, social or physical. Reinforcement can be designed to support replacement behavior, though in a class-wide system you may want to offer a menu of reinforcers, and let students select things they find reinforcing. Put food items on the bottom of the elementary reinforcement menu, so you can white out those items if your school/district has policies against using food for reinforcement. If you have students with really difficult behaviors, a sandwich bag of popcorn is often enough to keep them working for long periods of time independently. Reinforcement Systems: These plans can support a whole class in positive behavior plans: Token Systems: Tokens can be points, chips, stickers or other ways to record students successes. You need to find the best way to communicate immediately when students have earned tokens toward the reinforcers of their choice.A Lottery System: Catch students being good and give them tickets that are good for a drawing. I like the red tickets you can buy for carnivals, and kids like them too.The Marble Jar: a jar or another way to accumulate the whole classes success toward a group prize (a field trip, a pizza party, a movie day) will help provide a visual reminder of rewards: it also helps you remember to sprinkle praise generously around your classroom. Consequences: A system of negative outcomes to prevent unacceptable behaviors. As part of a progressive discipline plan, you want to have consequences in place. Jim Fay, author of Parenting with Love and Logic, refers to natural consequences and logical consequences. Natural consequences are outcomes that flow automatically from behaviors. Natural consequences are the most powerful, but few of us would find them acceptable. The natural consequence of running into the street is getting hit by a car. The natural consequence of playing with knives is to get badly cut. Those are not acceptable. Logical consequences teach because they are logically connected to the behavior. A logical consequence of not completing work is losing recess time when work can be completed. A logical consequence of ruining a textbook is to pay for the book, or when that is difficult, to put in volunteer time to repay the school for lost resources. Consequences for a progressive discipline plan might include: A warning,The loss of part or all of recess,The loss of privileges, such as computer time,A letter home,Parent contact by phone,After School Detention, and/orSuspension or other administrative action as a last resort. Think Sheets can be used as part of your progressive plan, especially at that point when students lose all or part of their recess or other free time. Use them with care: for students who dont like to write may see writing as punishment. Having students write I will not talk in class 50 times has the same effect. Serious or Repetitive Behavior Problems Have an emergency plan and practice it if you are likely to have a student with serious behavior problems. Determine who should get a phone call if you need to remove children either because they are having a tantrum, or because their tantrums put their peers at risk. Students with disabilities should have Functional Behavioral Analysis, completed by the teacher or school psychologist, followed by a Behavior Improvement Plan created by the teacher and the Multiple Disciplinary Team (IEP Team). The plan needs to be disseminated to all the teachers who will have contact with the student.

Argumentive Reserch Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentive Reserch - Research Paper Example Learners can acquire these skills when they develop appropriate attitudes and knowledge. This makes the main objective of conducting teaching and training programs to correspond to enhancement of knowledge, skills and attitude of learners. The main purpose of this essay is to argue the relevance of the message conveyed by some specific authors on the approach needed for conducting training and teaching programs (Chou, Chang, & Hauer, 2008). I believe that motivation towards learning and training is dependent on knowledge, skills, ideologies and a suitable environment. However, it is also clear that the number of students and the use of a multi-disciplinary approach are useful though the learning approach should not be specific. Counter argument I believe that the twenty steps are instrumental when handling students with learning difficulties. However, opposing ideologies indicate that these steps overwork the teachers, and compromise their ability to attend to other students. Further more, it is highlighted that people should recognise the social and cognitive skills of students while handling their learning needs (Hon and Watkins, 1995). However, the learning needs of a person transcends skills, and is dependent on the environment in several instances. I believe that the procedural steps that involve students in a workshop learning session enhances their interaction and comprehension (Chou, Chang, and Hauer, 2004). However, opposing arguments state that such an approach cannot accommodate a class with numerous students. It is only limited to a few number of students. Rao underscores the need to expose students to an environment where they easily interact with the elderly patients to improve their attitudes. However, attitude cannot be improved by exposure alone. It requires an interdisciplinary learning approach. Argument I believe that it is necessary assist the children with learning difficulties using fundamental steps. This can be successful with the provis ion of appropriate modifications in the learning process. Several steps are necessary in the quest to achieve such objectives. The authors use Greg’s experiences to develop some steps necessary for successful learning amongst children having trouble (Biddulph, Hess, & Humes, 2006). I find this rather disturbing because assuming that all children with learning difficulties are of the same level as Greg is wrong. Greg could have succeeded because the level of his difficulty was mild. Disorder depression does not adversely inhibit the process of learning. Greg listed a number of 20 steps that he considers appropriating in making a child with learning difficulties become successful (Biddulph, Hess, & Humes, 2006). I believe that Hon and Watkins’s attempt to evaluate social skills training program for Hong Kong students highlights the importance of valuing skills, and knowledge. They classify alcoholism, juvenile delinquency and depression as fundamental examples of behavio ral and neurotic problems that are responsible for psychiatric disorders. According to the authors, these are the causes of inadequate social skills. Hon and Watkins focus on directing additional efforts get to the training skills development programs for adolescents. However, these efforts mainly focus on the western countries. In response to this, they come up with well-knitted approaches to address